अमेरिकाको दृष्टिकोणमा नेपाल: रणनीतिक साझेदारीको सम्भावना र चुनौती

नेपाल–अमेरिका सम्बन्ध सतहमा हेर्दा पारंपरिक कूटनीतिक मैत्री लागे पनि, पछिल्ला वर्षमा यो सम्बन्ध रणनीतिक चासो, मानव अधिकारको अवलोकन र लोकतन्त्रको गहिरो मूल्यांकनमा परिणत हुँदै गएको छ। सन् १९४७ मा कूटनीतिक सम्बन्ध स्थापना गरेदेखि हालसम्म अमेरिकाले नेपाललाई लोकतान्त्रिक मार्गदर्शन, आर्थिक सहायतादेखि विकास साझेदारीसम्मका क्षेत्रमा निरन्तर साथ दिँदै आएको छ।

तर, पछिल्लो दशकमा अमेरिकी विदेश नीतिको परिधिमा नेपालको अर्थ केवल सानो हिमाली राष्ट्र भएर सीमित छैन — यो अब भारत–चीन सन्तुलन, लोकतान्त्रिक मूल्यको परीक्षण भूमि, र जलवायु–सुरक्षा संवेदनशील क्षेत्रका रूपमा पनि हेर्न थालिएको छ।

लोकतन्त्रको अभ्यासप्रति अमेरिकी चासो

संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका नेपालको २०१५ को संविधान र संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रको संरचना समर्थन गर्छ। तर यो समर्थन ‘blank cheque’ होइन — अमेरिकी विदेश मन्त्रालय, मानव अधिकार विभाग, र युएसएम्बेसी काठमाडौँले निरन्तर नेपालमा अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रता, प्रेस स्वतन्त्रता, अल्पसंख्यक अधिकार, र कानुनी शासनको अभ्यासमा निगरानी गरिरहेका छन्।

हालै सार्वजनिक अमेरिकी मानव अधिकार प्रतिवेदनले नेपालमा हुने पत्रकारमाथिको धम्की, सामाजिक सञ्जालमा अभिव्यक्ति निषेध गर्ने प्रयास, प्रदर्शन रोक्ने प्रहरी हस्तक्षेप, र न्यायिक पारदर्शिताको अभावप्रति चिन्ता व्यक्त गरेको छ।

"नेपालको लोकतान्त्रिक संक्रमण मार्गप्रति हामी समर्थन जनाउँछौं, तर त्यो समर्थन त्यतिबेलासम्म हो जबसम्म नागरिक अधिकार, पारदर्शिता र जवाफदेहितालाई सशक्त बनाइन्छ," अमेरिकी विदेश मन्त्रालय अन्तर्गतको मानव अधिकार तथा लोकतन्त्र ब्युरो प्रमुखले यसै वर्षको प्रतिवेदनमा भनेका छन्।

भूराजनीतिक ‘बफर’ राष्ट्रको रणनीतिक मूल्य

नेपालको भू-राजनीतिक अवस्थिति — दुई महाशक्ति भारत र चीनको बीचमा रहँदै — वाशिङ्टनका लागि रणनीतिक चासोको विषय हो। नेपाल कुनै सैन्य गठबन्धनमा नरहे पनि, अमेरिकी दृष्टिकोणमा नेपाल ‘non-aligned but strategically sensitive’ राष्ट्र हो।

विशेषगरी, बेल्ट एण्ड रोड इनिसिएटिभ (BRI) सँग जोडिएपछि नेपालमा चिनियाँ लगानीको वृद्धिलाई अमेरिकाले चासोपूर्वक नियालेको छ। यसका सन्दर्भमा एमसीसी (Millennium Challenge Corporation) अनुदान सम्झौतामा भएको विरोध प्रदर्शनलाई अमेरिकाले "भ्रम फैलाइएको रणनीति" को परिणाम भन्दै आलोचना गरेको थियो।

अमेरिकी कूटनीतिज्ञहरू भन्छन्— "हामी नेपालमा कुनै पनि परियोजनालाई प्रतिस्पर्धामा ल्याउने होइन, पारदर्शी, जनउत्तरदायी र वातावरणमैत्री विकासको पक्षमा छौं।"

विकास साझेदारी: अनुदान, शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्य

युएसएआइडी (USAID) नेपालमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो विकास साझेदारहरूमध्ये एक हो। स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा, महिला सशक्तिकरण, ग्रामीण पूर्वाधार विकास र जलवायु अनुकूलनजस्ता क्षेत्रमा अमेरिकाले अरबौँ रुपैयाँ बराबरको अनुदान दिँदै आएको छ।

२०२५ को नीतिगत प्राथमिकतामा नेपालका लागि युएसएआइडीले ‘क्लाइमेट रेज़िलियन्स’ र ‘गभर्नन्स स्ट्रेन्थनिङ’ लाई शीर्षमा राखेको छ। विशेषगरी बाढी, पहिरो र जलवायुजन्य विपद्का जोखिम न्यूनीकरणका लागि संघीय सरकार र स्थानीय तहसँग मिलेर अमेरिकी सहायताले काम गरिरहेको छ।

अर्को पाटो, अमेरिकी विश्वविद्यालय र फुलब्राइट स्कलरसिपमार्फत सयौँ नेपाली विद्यार्थीहरू उच्च शिक्षाका लागि अमेरिका गएका छन्। अमेरिकाले नेपालमा विज्ञान, प्रविधि, प्राविधिक शिक्षाका क्षेत्रमा युवा नेतृत्व निर्माणमा पनि लगानी गरिरहेको छ।

शरणार्थी र मानव अधिकार संरक्षण

नेपालमा रहेका तिब्बती र भुटानी शरणार्थीहरूको स्थितिप्रति अमेरिकी सरकार लामो समयदेखि संलग्न रहँदै आएको छ। २००७ देखि हालसम्म करिब १ लाख १३ हजार भुटानी शरणार्थीको पुनःस्थापनाका लागि अमेरिका अग्रणी गन्तव्य बनेको छ।

तर नयाँ तिब्बती शरणार्थीहरूलाई नेपालले नागरिक कागजात नदिने, ओसारपसारमा कठिनाइ हुने, र धार्मिक गतिविधिमा हस्तक्षेप गर्ने घटनाप्रति अमेरिकाले ‘धेरै बेर मौन रहिरहन नसकिने’ सन्देश दिएको छ।

रक्षा सहयोग र शान्ति स्थापनामा सहभागिता

नेपालको सेनालाई अमेरिकी सेनाले ‘humanitarian response’ र ‘UN peacekeeping’ प्रशिक्षण दिने कार्य निरन्तर हुँदै आएको छ। अमेरिकी कूटनीतिमा नेपाल एउटा ‘soft security partner’ को रूपमा चिनिन्छ, जहाँ राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा हैन, मानवीय सुरक्षा र विपद् व्यवस्थापनलाई प्राथमिकता दिइन्छ।

तर अमेरिका चाहन्छ — "नेपालको सुरक्षा संयन्त्र मानव अधिकारमैत्री होस्, प्रहरीद्वारा हुने दमन र असहमतिको दमन अन्त्य होस्।"

हालको चिन्ता: सामाजिक सञ्जाल प्रतिबन्ध

२०२५ सेप्टेम्बरमा नेपाल सरकारले २६ वटा सामाजिक सञ्जाल प्रतिबन्ध लगाएपछि अमेरिकी दूतावासले ‘गम्भीर चिन्ता’ व्यक्त गरेको थियो। पत्रकारहरू पक्राउ पर्ने, अभिव्यक्तिको स्वतन्त्रता रोक्ने, अनि विरोधमा हिंसा हुँदा नागरिक मारिने घटनालाई अमेरिकाले लोकतान्त्रिक मूल्यको विपरित भनेको छ।

एक सार्वजनिक वक्तव्यमा दूतावासले भनेको छ—
“शान्तिपूर्ण अभिव्यक्ति र सूचनाको स्वतन्त्र पहुँच कुनै पनि लोकतान्त्रिक समाजको आधार हो। हामी नेपालको सरकारसँग संवाद गरिरहेका छौं, जनताको अधिकार सुनिश्चित गर्न।”

निष्कर्षमा: अमेरिका–नेपाल सम्बन्ध — अवसर र अपेक्षा

नेपालप्रति अमेरिकी दृष्टिकोण मैत्रीपूर्ण छ तर सावधानपूर्ण पनि। जहाँ मानव अधिकार, अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रता, भ्रष्टाचारमुक्त शासन र पारदर्शितालाई मुख्य मापदण्ड मानिन्छ।

अमेरिका नेपाललाई ठूलो व्यापारिक साझेदार होइन, तर अस्थिर क्षेत्रको लोकतान्त्रिक उदाहरणका रूपमा हेर्छ। र यसको सफलताको कथा वैश्विक लोकतान्त्रिक मोर्चाका लागि महत्त्वपूर्ण ठान्दछ।

कसैले सोध्न सक्छ— अमेरिका किन यति चासो लिन्छ नेपालप्रति?

सारांशमा उत्तर यति हो:
नेपाल सानो देश हो, तर मूल्यको हिसाबमा सानो होइन। लोकतन्त्र, स्वतन्त्रता र सार्वभौम निर्णय क्षमतामा उभिएको नेपालले मात्रै अमेरिका र अरू लोकतान्त्रिक राष्ट्रहरूसँग बराबरीको सम्बन्ध राख्न सक्छ।

आर्थिक सुधारको रोडम्याप: नीति निर्माणको साहस, कार्यान्वयनको चुनौती- उच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोग प्रतिवेदन समिक्षा

 

आर्थिक सुधारको रोडम्याप: नीति निर्माणको साहस, कार्यान्वयनको चुनौती

२०७९ सालमा गठित उच्चस्तरीय आर्थिक सुधार सुझाव आयोगले २०८१ चैत्र २७ मा अर्थ मन्त्रालयलाई बुझाएको अन्तिम प्रतिवेदन नेपालको आर्थिक रूपान्तरणको दिशामा एउटा महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रयास हो। 

तर प्रश्न उठ्छ—के यो प्रतिवेदन देशको आर्थिक सन्दर्भ, राजनीतिक संरचना र सामाजिक यथार्थसँग व्यवहारिक रूपमा जोडिएको छ? वा, यो पनि विगतका आयोगहरू जस्तै केवल कागजी दस्तावेज मात्र बन्ने हो?

साहसिक नीति सिफारिसको प्रयास

प्रतिवेदनमा सबैभन्दा बलियो पक्ष हो—नीति निर्माणको स्पष्टता र समग्र दृष्टिकोण। राज्यलाई "सुधारमुखी, समन्वित र उत्तरदायी" बनाउन सार्वजनिक संस्थानहरूको पुनःसंरचना, निजी क्षेत्रसँग साझेदारी, प्रदेश र पालिकाबीच वित्तीय समन्वय, हरित पूर्वाधार, र शिक्षा–स्वास्थ्यमा लगानी जस्ता विषयमा उल्लेखनीय सिफारिस गरिएको छ।

• सार्वजनिक शिक्षामा नतिजा आधारित शिक्षक व्यवस्थापन,

• सरकारी स्वामित्व भएका उद्योगहरूको निजीकरण वा पुनर्संरचना,

• कृषि अनुदानको एकीकृत डिजिटल प्रणाली,

• मास्टर प्लान आधारित पूर्वाधार विकास,

• संघीय वित्त आयोग गठन,

• कर प्रणालीमा सहजता र पारदर्शिता,

• बेरोजगारी न्यूनीकरणका लागि प्रविधि-मैत्री सीप विकास
  — यस्ता सिफारिसहरूलाई आजका युवाहरूले प्रत्यक्ष सरोकारका विषयका रूपमा लिन सक्छन्।

तर कार्यान्वयनको जोखिम उच्च छ

नीति सिफारिस त उत्कृष्ट छन्, तर मुख्य प्रश्न हो—कसरी कार्यान्वयन हुन्छ? कसले गर्छ? कहिलेसम्म हुन्छ?

प्रतिवेदनमा केवल "आर्थिक सुधार कार्यदल गठन" भन्ने उल्लेख छ, तर त्यसले नीति कार्यान्वयन गर्न सक्छ भन्ने कुनै संवैधानिक, कानुनी वा प्रशासनिक आधार प्रस्तुत गरिएको छैन। नतिजा के हुन्छ भने—सिफारिसहरू मन्त्रालयहरूकै फाइलको थाँतीमा सुत्न बाध्य हुन्छन्।

यति गम्भीर विषयमा प्रधानमन्त्री, राष्ट्रिय योजना आयोग, अर्थमन्त्री र संसदीय समितिहरूको भूमिका प्रतिवेदनमा औपचारिक मात्र छ। यस्ता दस्तावेजले तब मात्र अर्थ राख्छन् जब नीति निर्माणसहित कार्यान्वयन संयन्त्र पनि समानान्तर ढाँचामा प्रस्तुत गरिन्छ।

राजनीतिक यथार्थ र प्रतिरोधको संभावना

नेपालको राजनीतिक व्यवस्थामा सुधारका प्रतिवेदनहरू नीतिगत भन्दा धेरै राजनीतिक प्रतिरोधको कारणले असफल भएका छन्।

• शिक्षक युनियनहरू परिणाम आधारित मूल्याङ्कन मान्न सक्लान्?

• राजनीतिक संरक्षणमा रहेका सार्वजनिक उद्यमहरू साँच्चै निजीकरण हुन सक्लान्?

• प्रदेश र पालिकामा आर्थिक निर्णयको अधिकार संघले सुम्पन सक्ला?

• कर सुधार वा उद्योगको नियमन मा राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप रोकिन सक्ला?

त्यसैले प्रतिवेदनले राजनीतिक अर्थशास्त्र (political economy) को यथार्थतालाई उपेक्षा गरेको देखिन्छ।

के गर्न सकिन्छ? – सुझावहरू

१. प्रधानमन्त्रीकै अध्यक्षतामा राष्ट्रिय कार्यान्वयन समिति गठन गरिनुपर्छ जसले प्रतिवेदनलाई चरणगत कार्यान्वयन योजनामा रूपान्तरण गरोस्।

2. समयसीमा, बजेट लागत र जिम्मेवारी सहितको कार्यान्वयन तालिका अनिवार्य रूपमा सार्वजनिक गरिनुपर्छ।

3. संसदीय अनुगमन संयन्त्रले प्रतिवेदनको सिफारिस कार्यान्वयन कति भयो भनेर वर्षेनी प्रतिवेदन प्रस्तुत गर्नुपर्छ।

4. शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, कृषि, पूर्वाधार र प्रशासन क्षेत्रका ठूला १० सुधार कार्य छानेर तिनलाई "पाइलट सुधार योजना" का रूपमा अघि बढाइनुपर्छ।

5. नागरिक समाज, विश्वविद्यालय, निजी क्षेत्र र सञ्चारमाध्यमबीच प्रतिवेदनमाथि सार्वजनिक बहसको वातावरण बनाइनुपर्छ।

निष्कर्ष: सपना कार्यान्वयनविनाको अभिशाप नबनोस्

अन्ततः प्रतिवेदनले सशक्त दिशा त दिएको छ तर अहिलेको नेपालमा समस्या दृष्टिकोणको होइन, इच्छाशक्तिको हो। यदि सरकारले यो प्रतिवेदनलाई राजनीतिक घोषणापत्रभन्दा फरक स्तरमा बुझ्यो भने मात्र यसले कुनै अर्थ राख्छ। नत्र, यो पनि अरू आयोगका रिपोर्टहरूझैं कुनै 'टास्क फोर्स'को बहानामा ढाकछोप गरिएको काम बन्नेछ।

अब समय छ—नीति निर्माताहरूले गम्भीरता देखाउने, कार्यपालिका जिम्मेवार बन्ने र नागरिक समाजले निरन्तर दबाब दिनुपर्ने। नत्र, आर्थिक सुधारको सपना, सुधारको नाममा अर्को ढोंग सावित हुन सक्छ।

How to reduce scene pollution due to wires in the poles of cities in Nepal?

 How to reduce scene pollution due to wires in the poles of cities in Nepal?

 Reducing scene pollution due to wires on poles in a city can be a challenging task, but there are several ways to address this issue. Here are some suggestions:

 Underground Cabling: One of the most effective solutions is to install underground cabling. This will eliminate the need for poles and overhead wires, significantly reducing scene pollution. However, it can be a costly solution that requires extensive planning, excavation, and installation work.

 Consolidate Wires: Another solution is to consolidate wires to reduce the number of poles and the visual clutter. This can be achieved by bundling wires together and using fewer poles to hold them. This will make the poles look cleaner and less cluttered.

 Concealment: Concealing the wires in decorative coverings or wrapping them around trees can also reduce visual pollution. This method is inexpensive and can be done easily.

 Pole design: Another approach is to design poles that are aesthetically pleasing and have space to hold wires inside. This can be achieved by working with designers and architects to create poles that are functional yet visually appealing.

 Educate the Public: Finally, educating the public on the importance of reducing scene pollution and encouraging them to report any issues can also help. People should be informed about the environmental and aesthetic effects of cluttered poles.

 Using wireless technology is another approach to reducing scene pollution caused by wires on poles in a city. Here are some ways in which wireless technology can be used:

 Wi-Fi: Providing Wi-Fi access to the city can reduce the need for wires by allowing people to connect wirelessly. This will also reduce the clutter of multiple antennas and receivers on poles.

 Cellular Technology: Using cellular technology can eliminate the need for wires as well. By using cell towers or small cells, it is possible to provide wireless connectivity to the city without the use of overhead wires.

 Wireless Power Transmission: Wireless power transmission is another technology that can be used to reduce the number of wires on poles. By transmitting power wirelessly, it is possible to eliminate the need for wires to carry electricity.

 Fiber Optic Cables: Fiber optic cables can be used as a replacement for traditional copper cables, significantly reducing the number of wires on poles. These cables can be buried underground or installed in existing utility ducts, reducing the visual pollution caused by overhead wires.

 Smart City Applications: Wireless technology can also be used to implement smart city applications that can reduce energy consumption and traffic congestion. For example, traffic lights can be equipped with sensors that communicate wirelessly, allowing for better traffic management and reducing the need for physical wires.

 Regular Maintenance: Regular maintenance of the wires and poles can help to keep them in good condition and prevent them from becoming cluttered. This includes repairing or replacing damaged wires or poles and removing any unnecessary wires.

 Tree Planting: Planting trees around the poles can help to obscure the view of the wires and make them less noticeable. This can be an inexpensive and sustainable solution that also provides other environmental benefits.

 Zoning Regulations: Zoning regulations can be put in place to require the consolidation of wires or to mandate the installation of underground cabling in certain areas. This can ensure that new developments are built with scene pollution in mind.

 Public Art: Public art installations can be used to enhance the visual appeal of poles and wires. This can help to turn a visual eyesore into a work of art and make the city more attractive to residents and visitors.

 Community Involvement: Engaging with the local community and involving them in the planning and implementation of solutions can help to ensure that the solutions are effective and sustainable. This can also increase awareness of the importance of reducing scene pollution.

 Solar-Powered Lighting: Installing solar-powered lighting on poles can reduce the need for overhead wires and provide a sustainable source of lighting for the city. This can also reduce energy costs and increase the city's resilience to power outages.

 Virtual Reality Technology: Virtual reality technology can be used to create a digital representation of the city without wires on poles. This can help to visualize the impact of wire removal and assist in planning and decision-making.

 Drones: Drones can be used to inspect wires and poles for damage or to survey the city for wire removal planning. This can be a cost-effective and efficient way to monitor and maintain the city's infrastructure.

 Wireless Charging Stations: Wireless charging stations for electric vehicles can be installed around the city, reducing the need for physical charging cables and outlets. This can also help to promote sustainable transportation options.

 Green Roofs: Installing green roofs on buildings around the city can help to reduce the visual impact of overhead wires and poles. This can also provide additional environmental benefits, such as reducing urban heat island effects and improving air quality.

 Consolidation: Consolidating the wires by removing any unnecessary wires and grouping them together can help to reduce the visual clutter on poles. This can also make it easier to maintain and repair the wires.

 Aerial Cabling: Using aerial cabling, such as cable trays or conduit systems, can help to reduce the number of wires on poles. This can also make it easier to replace or add wires in the future.

 Underground Cabling: Installing underground cabling can eliminate the need for overhead wires and poles altogether. While this can be a costly solution, it can also provide long-term benefits, such as increased reliability and resilience to weather events.

 Wireless Sensors: Using wireless sensors for utility monitoring, such as for water, gas, or electricity, can reduce the need for physical wires. This can also provide more accurate and efficient data collection.

 Solar-Powered Drones: Using solar-powered drones to inspect wires and poles can reduce the need for maintenance crews to climb the poles, improving safety and reducing the visual impact of maintenance activities.

 Role of the municipality...

The municipality plays a crucial role in reducing scene pollution caused by wires on poles in a city. Here are some ways in which the municipality can help:

 Planning and Regulation: The municipality can develop and enforce zoning regulations that require the consolidation of wires or the installation of underground cabling in certain areas. They can also work with utility companies to ensure that new developments are built with scene pollution in mind.

 Maintenance and Repair: The municipality is responsible for maintaining and repairing the city's infrastructure, including wires and poles. They can ensure that regular maintenance is carried out to keep the wires and poles in good condition and prevent unnecessary clutter.

 Community Engagement: The municipality can engage with the local community and involve them in the planning and implementation of solutions. This can help to ensure that the solutions are effective and sustainable and increase awareness of the importance of reducing scene pollution.

 Funding and Incentives: The municipality can provide funding and incentives to utility companies or property owners to encourage the installation of wireless or underground cabling. This can help to offset the costs associated with these solutions and promote their adoption.

 Monitoring and Evaluation: The municipality can monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the solutions implemented and make adjustments as needed. This can help to ensure that the city is continuously improving and reducing scene pollution.

 Education and Awareness: The municipality can educate residents, businesses, and visitors on the negative effects of scene pollution and the benefits of reducing wires on poles. This can be done through public campaigns, workshops, or community events.

 Green Initiatives: The municipality can promote green initiatives that reduce energy consumption, such as LED lighting or energy-efficient appliances. This can reduce the need for wires and poles and make the city more sustainable.

 Public-Private Partnerships: The municipality can work with private companies to find innovative solutions for reducing wires on poles. This can include exploring new technologies or funding research and development.

 Aesthetic Improvements: The municipality can invest in aesthetic improvements, such as street art or landscaping, that help to distract from the visual clutter of wires on poles. This can make the city more visually appealing and promote a sense of community pride.

 Data Collection and Analysis: The municipality can collect and analyze data on scene pollution, including the number of wires on poles and the impact on the environment and public health. This can inform future decisions and help to prioritize solutions that have the greatest impact.

 Incentivizing Green Technology: The municipality can incentivize the adoption of green technologies by providing tax breaks, rebates, or other financial incentives for individuals or businesses that install solar panels or other renewable energy sources. This can reduce the reliance on traditional power grids and the need for wires on poles.

 Smart City Infrastructure: The municipality can invest in smart city infrastructure, including smart grids and wireless communication networks. This can reduce the number of wires on poles and provide more efficient and reliable services to residents.

 Integrated Planning: The municipality can integrate scene pollution reduction into its overall urban planning process. This can include creating green corridors or implementing sustainable transportation options, such as bike lanes or pedestrian walkways, that reduce the need for utility poles.

 Collaboration with Utility Companies: The municipality can collaborate with utility companies to develop solutions for reducing wires on poles. This can include exploring the use of new technologies or sharing costs for infrastructure upgrades.

 Benchmarking and Reporting: The municipality can benchmark and report on its progress in reducing scene pollution caused by wires on poles. This can help to hold the municipality accountable for achieving its goals and provide transparency to residents.

 Encouraging Telecommuting: The municipality can encourage telecommuting or remote work to reduce the number of commuters on the road, which can ultimately reduce the need for utility poles and wires. This can be done by providing incentives or collaborating with employers to offer remote work options.

 Creating Pedestrian-Friendly Spaces: The municipality can create pedestrian-friendly spaces that encourage walking, cycling, and other sustainable modes of transportation. This can be done by widening sidewalks, adding bike lanes, and creating car-free zones, which can ultimately reduce the need for utility poles.

 Encouraging Rooftop Solar Panels: The municipality can encourage the installation of rooftop solar panels by offering incentives, tax breaks, or other financial benefits. This can help to reduce the reliance on traditional power grids and the need for utility poles and wires.

 Implementing Underground Cabling: The municipality can work with utility companies to implement underground cabling for power and communication lines. This can reduce the visual clutter of wires on poles and make the city more visually appealing.

 Public-Private Partnerships for Wi-Fi Infrastructure: The municipality can collaborate with private companies to develop Wi-Fi infrastructure, which can reduce the need for utility poles and wires. This can be done by offering incentives or collaborating with telecom companies to develop wireless networks.

 Other innovative ways globally adapted...

 Here are some innovative ways that have been globally adapted to reduce scene pollution caused by wires on poles in a city:

 Smart Poles: Smart poles are multifunctional poles that integrate multiple services, such as street lighting, Wi-Fi, environmental sensors, and security cameras. By consolidating these services onto a single pole, the number of poles needed can be reduced, which can help to reduce scene pollution caused by wires on poles.

 Modular Microgrids: Modular microgrids are small, self-contained power systems that can provide power to a localized area. They can be used to supplement or replace traditional power grids, which can reduce the reliance on utility poles and wires.

 Virtual Power Plants: Virtual power plants are networks of distributed energy resources, such as solar panels or wind turbines, that can be controlled and managed as a single entity. By integrating these resources into the power grid, the need for utility poles and wires can be reduced.

 Municipal Broadband: Municipal broadband is a public network that provides high-speed internet access to residents and businesses. By creating a public network, the need for private telecom companies to install wires on poles can be reduced.

 Energy Harvesting: Energy harvesting is capturing and converting energy from natural sources, such as sunlight or wind, into electricity. Using energy harvesting technologies can reduce the need for traditional power grids and utility poles.

 Fiber Optic Cables: Fiber optic cables use light to transmit data, and they can carry much more data at faster speeds than traditional copper cables. By using fibre optic cables for communication, the need for traditional communication wires on poles can be reduced.

 Wireless Communication: Wireless communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, can be used to connect devices without the need for physical wires. By deploying wireless networks, the need for communication wires on poles can be reduced.

 Smart Grids: Smart grids use digital communication technologies to monitor and manage electricity distribution. By using smart grids, the need for traditional power grids and utility poles can be reduced.

 Solar Panels: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, and they can be used to supplement or replace traditional power grids. By using solar panels, the need for traditional power grids and utility poles can be reduced.

 Energy Storage Systems: Energy storage systems, such as batteries or flywheels, can be used to store excess energy generated by renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines. By using energy storage systems, the need for traditional power grids and utility poles can be reduced.

 Microgrids: Microgrids are localized power grids that can operate independently from the traditional power grid. By using microgrids, the need for traditional power grids and utility poles can be reduced.

 Li-Fi: Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses light instead of radio waves to transmit data. Li-Fi can be used to provide high-speed internet access without the need for physical communication wires on poles.

 Power over Ethernet (PoE): Power over Ethernet is a technology that allows devices to be powered and connected to the internet using a single Ethernet cable. PoE can be used to power and connect devices without the need for traditional power and communication wires on poles.

 Wireless Power Transmission: Wireless power transmission is a technology that can be used to wirelessly transmit power to devices using radio waves or magnetic fields. By using wireless power transmission, the need for traditional power grids and utility poles can be reduced.

 Satellite Communication: Satellite communication can be used to provide high-speed internet access to remote areas without the need for physical communication wires on poles. By using satellite communication, the need for traditional communication wires on poles can be reduced.

 Aerial Bundled Cables (ABCs): ABCs are power cables that are insulated and bundled together, which can reduce the need for individual power lines on utility poles. ABCs are commonly used in European cities and have helped reduce the number of wires on poles.

 Green Walls: Green walls are vertical gardens that can be installed on buildings to provide greenery and reduce the number of visible wires on utility poles. Green walls can help create a more visually appealing and sustainable cityscape.

 LiDAR Mapping: LiDAR is a remote sensing technology that uses lasers to map the environment. LiDAR mapping can be used to identify the location of wires on poles, which can help cities develop more efficient and cost-effective solutions for reducing scene pollution.

 3D Printing: 3D printing can be used to create custom-designed covers or enclosures for wires on poles, which can help reduce the number of visible wires. 3D printing can also be used to create new designs for utility poles that are more visually appealing and sustainable.

 Automated Drones: Automated drones can be used to inspect utility poles and wires, which can help cities identify and address issues more quickly and efficiently. Automated drones can also be used to install and maintain wires without the need for human intervention.

 Microgrids: Microgrids are self-contained electrical grids that can operate independently of the main power grid. By using microgrids, cities can reduce their reliance on traditional power grids and utility poles, which can help reduce scene pollution caused by wires on poles.

 Solar Roads: Solar roads are roadways that are made from solar panels, which can generate electricity and reduce the need for traditional power lines on utility poles. Solar roads have been tested in several cities around the world and have the potential to significantly reduce scene pollution caused by wires on poles.

 Smart Grids: Smart grids use advanced communication and control technologies to improve the efficiency and reliability of the power grid. By using smart grids, cities can reduce the need for traditional power lines on utility poles and improve their overall energy management.

 Wireless Charging: Wireless charging technology can be used to charge electric vehicles without the need for physical charging stations or wires on poles. By using wireless charging, cities can reduce the number of visible wires and promote the adoption of electric vehicles.

 Augmented Reality (AR) Utilities: AR utilities use augmented reality technology to create virtual representations of utility infrastructure, such as power lines and poles. By using AR utilities, cities can visualize and plan new infrastructure projects more effectively, which can help reduce the number of visible wires on poles.

 IoT Sensors: The Internet of Things (IoT) technology can be used to monitor and manage city infrastructure, including utility poles and wires. By using IoT sensors, cities can detect and fix issues before they become serious, which can reduce the need for visible wires on poles.

 Wireless Mesh Networks: Wireless mesh networks can be used to create a decentralized network of interconnected devices, including cameras, sensors, and smart streetlights. By using wireless mesh networks, cities can reduce the need for traditional power lines and improve the overall efficiency of their infrastructure.

 Microtrenching: Microtrenching involves the installation of cables in a narrow trench that is less disruptive to the city's landscape. By using micro trenching, cities can reduce the number of visible wires on poles and minimize the impact on their surroundings.

 Rooftop Solar Panels: Rooftop solar panels can be used to generate electricity and reduce the need for traditional power lines on utility poles. By using rooftop solar panels, cities can promote clean energy and reduce the number of visible wires on poles.

Directly elected PM in Nepal

 Nepal, a landlocked country in South Asia, has undergone several political changes over the past few decades. In 1990, a constitutional monarchy was established, which lasted until 2008, when the monarchy was abolished and a federal democratic republic was formed. Since then, Nepal has experienced a series of political and social upheavals, including a decade-long civil war and several earthquakes that devastated the country.

One of the most significant political developments in Nepal in recent years has been the proposal to establish a directly elected prime minister. Currently, Nepal's prime minister is elected by the parliament, but some politicians and activists argue that a direct election would make the position more democratic and accountable.

The idea of a directly elected prime minister is not new to Nepal. In fact, it was proposed in the 1990 constitution, which stated that the prime minister could be elected by the people if the parliament failed to form a government. However, this provision was never implemented, and the prime minister has always been elected by the parliament.

Proponents of a directly elected prime minister argue that it would make the position more accountable to the people. They believe that an elected prime minister would be more responsive to the needs and concerns of the public and would be less beholden to the interests of political parties and factions. Furthermore, a directly elected prime minister would have a stronger mandate to govern, as they would have been chosen by the people themselves.

Opponents of a directly elected prime minister, on the other hand, argue that it would be an unnecessary and potentially divisive change to the political system. They believe that the current system, where the prime minister is elected by the parliament, is sufficient and provides adequate checks and balances. Additionally, some worry that a directly elected prime minister could become too powerful and could undermine the authority of the parliament and other democratic institutions.

Despite the arguments for and against a directly elected prime minister, the proposal has gained significant traction in Nepal in recent years. In 2015, the Nepali Congress party, one of the country's major political parties, included the provision for a directly elected prime minister in its election manifesto. Since then, other parties and politicians have also expressed support for the idea.

The debate over a directly elected prime minister reflects the broader challenges facing Nepal's democracy. While the country has made significant progress in recent years in terms of political stability and economic development, it still faces significant challenges, including corruption, poverty, and social inequality. In this context, the proposal for a directly elected prime minister is just one of many efforts to strengthen Nepal's democratic institutions and ensure that the country's leaders are accountable to the people.

In conclusion, the proposal for a directly elected prime minister in Nepal has generated significant debate and discussion. While there are valid arguments on both sides of the issue, the proposal reflects the broader challenges facing Nepal's democracy and the need for greater accountability and responsiveness from the country's political leaders. As Nepal continues to navigate its path towards a more stable and prosperous future, the question of a directly elected prime minister is likely to remain a key topic of discussion and debate.

A Perspective to Anti-corrution Mechanism and Efforts in Nepal

 A Perspective to  Anti-corrution Mechanism and Efforts in Nepal

-By Thakur Prasad Bastakoti

                         

1- Background;

Corruption is too much difficult to define. Every country seems to define it with different contexts, provisions and exlanations. Every sector of governance system is influenced by Corruoption. Receiving or donating undue economic or material benefits by misuing the authority is common characteristics of corruption acts.Such crimes are deeply associated with organized crime features too in modern trend. Nepalese legal provisions seem to have connected the corruption terminology with the provisions of misuse of authority by a person having public position or authority.

Good governance is measured by accountability, reponsiblity and transperancy. But it is often criticized that transpercy and rule of law are limited only on paper if corruption control attempts might not be meaningful. Morality and impartial service delivery must not be limited only in moral speech, which finally may lead the society towards corruption. In such condition, sufficient proper institutional program for anti- corruption campaign and other reliable activities to control corruption is required. So implementing effective program is a challenging issue in present context.

2. Meaning of corruption

It is said that "corruption can be reduced but not be eliminated". Every  society contempts it as an evil act and every legal system in the world seems to have criminalized the corruption related activities as a severe harmful act. In Thailand Corruption is known as "Jean muog"(Rastra bhachyan) and in China it is pronounced as "Tan wu" or hate seen (ghrineet kary ) in general. Japanese society calls it as "Oshek"  or heinous work (jaghanya karya). According toWorld Bank, corruption is defined as "the abuse of public office for private gain". According to transparency international "corruption involves behavior on the part of officials in the public sector, whether politician or civil servants in which they improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves or their close to them by the misuse of the public power entrusted them". Ex president of World Bank James Wolfensohn says "corruption is a like cancer". Thus corruption is widely accepted as an evil act in terms of social, moral and legal perspectives. The main objectives of corruption are:

·      How to earn money faster

·      How to do everything faster

·      How to cause more delay

·      How to increase influence

·      How to channalize the network

Corruption flows both in private and public sphere. Not only in public and private sector but also in NGO\INGO sphere it seems to have been prevalent. Thus, the impact of corruption is dangerous. Some of such impacts are mentioned as following.

·      It destroys formal process of government system.

·      It minimizes accountability of legislative body.

·      It contempt’s rule of law in judiciary.

·      It increases hateful environmental of representative.

·      It reduced fairness in public administrative body.

·      It decreases capacity of Governmental institution.

·      It derives doubtful environmental in society.

Transparency International has surveyed "Global Corruption Barometer". transparency international report 2020 was published and it mentioned these facts.[1]

·      Nepal in 117 position among 180nations.

·      Cambodia, Afghanistan, North Korea, are more corrupted countries of them.

·      Less corruption countries are Newlands,Denmark, Finland.

·      Nepal has get 33 score out of 100.

·      The global corruption Barometer indicate that 84 percent of people who think government corruption is a big problem.

·      12 percent of public service users paid a bribe in the previous 12 month.

·      Survey of Rule of Law institution the index of 97 countries Nepal get 83th   rank and weak rule of law occurred nation also.

2.1- Patterns of Corruption

Corruption can occur in many different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favors between a small number of people  is known as petty corruption. Corruption that affects the government on a large scale  is identified as grand corruption in corruption jurisprudence . Patterns of corruption are as further mentioned below.

A.  Petty Corruption:

B.   Grand Corruption;

§  Corruption within civil service management

§  Corruption on project management

§  Corruption on market management

C .Systematic corruption:

A- Petty corruption:

"Petty" corruption occurs at a smaller scale and occurs within established social frameworks and governing norms. Examples of such corruption include the exchange of small improper gifts or use of personal connections to obtain favors. This form of corruption is particularly common in developing countries and where public servants are significantly underpaid.

 

B- Grand corruption:

"Grand" corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments and in those without adequate policing of corruption by anti-corruption agencies.

C-Systemic corruption:

Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption) is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system.

Good governance is based on morality.Poor countries are often suffering from this type of corruption. Political and administrative authorities protect this type of corruption mutually. Public management influences and uses in this type of corruption. Market management corruption promotes completion and increases monopoly tendency.

3.Corruption Control in Nepal

3.1-Control Mechanisms

Corruption is a social evil having pervasive nature. It is prevalent in various forms of and dimensions. It has been deeply rooted in the society as convention' 'tradition' psychological need and necessity with agree as practice not only in public service, but also in business transaction and other kinds of dealing as well. All the society has been adversely affected by corruption. It is also the issue of governance and effective management. Corruption control is the most urgent and imperative task to be accomplished in Nepal to establish a fair and transparent governance system.[2] In Nepal, following institutitons have played the key roles in controlling the corruption.

·      Special court

·      Public Audit committee in parliament

·      CIAA

·      Office of the Auditor General

·      Special govt. Attorney office

·      National vigilance centre

·      Office of general Audit control

·      Nepal Rastra Bank, financial Unite

·      Money Laundering Investigation Department

·      Judicial Council

·      Supreme Court

·      Office of Attorney General

·      Chief District Officer

·      Civil society

·      Press Midia

·      Local Government

·      Department of Revenue Investigation

3.1.1 Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority:

The commission for the investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA), Nepal is an apex constitutional body to curb corruption and its tentacles in the countries.

Articles 238 and 239 of Constitution of Nepal has empowered CIAA to investigate and probe cases against the persons holding the public positions and their associates who are indulged in the abuse of authority by way of corruption.[3]CIAA is the distinctive anti-corruption agency in South Asia, which plays the role of and 'Ombudsman' investigator and prosecutor as well. It aims to crack down the corruption issues at a national level with system-based approach. It also focuses on detection and punishment of corruption acts on the one hand and social cultural and institutional reform on the another part[4].

A- function and Duties of CIAA

Constitution of Nepal, article 239 have specified functions and duties of CIAA as following.[5]

1.    CIAA may, in accordance with law, conduct, or cause to be conducted, investigations of any abuse of authority committed through corruption by any person holding public office.[6]

 

However, CIAA shall not have jurisdiction over the following officials:Any official in relation to whom the constitution separately provides for such action andto any official in relation to whom other law provides for a separate special provision.

2.    In the case of the person who can be removed from office by passing a motion of impeachment under Article 101, the Judges who can be removed by the Judicial Council and the persons who are liable to action under the Army Act, it may conduct, or cause to be conducted, investigations in accordance with the federal law after they have been removed from office.[7]

3.    If CIAA finds, upon on conducted pursuant to clause (1) or (2),that a person holding any public office has  committed an act which is defined by law as corruption, it may file, or caused to be filed, a case against that person and other person involvedin that offense in the competentcourt in accordence with law.[8]

4.    If, on investigation conducted pursuant to clause (1) or (2), any act or action done or taken by a person holding public office appears to be of such nature as to be filing under the jurisdiction of another official or body, the CIAA may write to the concerned official or body for necessary action.[9]

Commission for the investigation of Abuse of Authority Act was enacted in 1992(2048), and regulation 2059 was also promulgated to lay down the procedural details for implementing the provision of the act.[10] The above Act and Regulation define in detail the scope, functions and procedures of investigation and prosecution. The Act and Regulation explicitly explain "improper conduct and 'corruption' with regard to improper conduct, departmental action shall be taken, while in the case of corruption the case is to be filed in the "Special Court". Another very important function entrusted by the act to the commission is the authority to suggest the government for improving or revisiting the existing policies, legal provisions and procedures which will help to curb corruption and contribute toward good governance. Although, after promulgation the Constitution of Nepal, (2072) CIAA stopped the action of improper conduct which has existing provision in Act.

B-Major Role of CIAA: Investigation and Prosecution

CIAA embodies the characters of an Ombudsman investigator and prosecutor. It carries out inquires and investigations into corruption and improper conduct committed by persons holding public office. It has authority to investigate all officials from the prime minister to low-ranked public servants. Based on the findings, the commission may fill a case against the persons alleged to have committed corruption, in the court of law.[11]

I- Preventive Role:Besides curative role CIAA carries out preventive role by sharing and disseminating information, pubublishingposters, pamphlet, booklets, and newsletter and so on. CIAA also organizes interaction programs with the governmental as well as nongovernmental organization and civil society to discuss and find out ways and means of controlling corruption. There are a number of other activities which CIAA carries out to promote good governance in the country. Moreover, CIAA has collaborated with international stakeholders to accelerate anti- corruption activities by sharing experience and exchanging view in various national and international forums. According act CIAA inform departmental chief to take action against unreasonable work of civil servants.[12]

3.1.2        National Vigilance Centre (NVC):

National Vigilance centre is Under the Prime Minister’s Office. It is established by the provision of the Corruption control Act, 2059 B.S. Main objectives of this Office is awareness raising and corruption prevention. which can be given below:[13]

·         To collect the complain related to misconduct, delay and corruption in public authorities

·         To recommendation about the effective service in public sector

·         Poperty supervision of public officials

·         Technical auditing of development projects about the Quality, cost, time and quantity

·         To operate the anti corruption and preventive activities in local level

To supervision the timing, dresscode and regularities in public office

3.1.3 Judiciary:

Article 126(1) of The Constitution of Nepal provides that the judicial power of Nepal shall be exercised by the courts and the judicial authorities pursuant to the Constitution and other laws and recognized principles of justice. Article 127 of the Constitution has incorporated the provision of Supreme Court, High court and District Court along with the provision for establishing judicial bodies in the Local level or other bodies as required may be formed to pursue alternative dispute settlement mechanism. Similarly, Article 137 of the Constitution establishes the Constitutional Bench in the Supreme Court to hear the disputes related to jurisdiction of Federal, State and Local level as well as the disputes on qualification of elected member of federal or state Parliament.[14]

Supreme Court as the highest court of Nepal is recognized as a court of record. At present, there are 7 High Courts along with nine permanent Benches and two temporary Benches of the High Court. 77 District Courts and other judicial institutions like Debt Recovery Tribunal, Revenue Tribunal, Administrative Court, Foreign Employment Tribunal and Special Court are also discharging the duties of justice dispensation in Nepal. Local level judicial committee has also been working in the local level.

The administration of justice of the country has been regulated by the various statutes and regulations related to judiciary, such as the Constitution of Nepal, Administration of Justice Act, 2016, Supreme Court Act, 2016, Supreme Court Regulations, 2017, High Court Regulations, 2016 and District Court Regulations, 2016.

The Special court hearing the corruption case which filing by the CIAA and  Department of Money Loundering. The apeal hearing in Supreme Court over the discision of Special Court.

4. Challenges to control Corruption:

Every area of society seems to have affected by corruption. One desires getting money by whatever means for the purpose of becoming rich.Therefore, this tendency plays role to increase corruption  in every field. Following facts resemnbles the groud of corruption:

·      Corruption is developed with poor system rule of law.

·      Social reputation gain by the property

·      Poor condition of social security

·      Less respect to labor than that of property.

·      Lack of proper mechanism and procedure to control corruption.

·      Social sector (health, education, transportation) are more expensive

·      Luxurious life style increasing every day.

·      Lack of effectivity of anti corruption campaign and activities.

Proper implementation of statutory legal provision, ethical awareness, moral base education and schooling are major techniques while addressing the corruption control in any society. According to Dr. Gopal Sivakoti, controlling corruption may be visible in follwoing condition as he mentions in "Kanun Patrika"[15]

·      Political stand.

·      Political activities and policies should be based on transparency.

·      Moral base public administration.

·      Equipped National institution.

·      Legal provision is amendment with contemporary basis.

·      Avoid utilitarianism.

·      Social awareness.

·      Moral education.

·      Respect honesty and labor.

Nepalese Administration, is charactered by different kind of pathological traits such as: the pathology of persistent, pathology of conservatism, pathology of growth, pathology of status, pathology of self service, pathology of buck-passing, pathology of delay, pathology of nepotism and favouritism and pathology of corruption. The existence of these bureau-pathologies have been recognized the major reasons that hamper public bureaucracy on its developmental role. The multi sectoral organs like governmental and non governmental organizations should play concurrent role for the control of corruption. The whole system of Governance must impart awareness-building programms pertaining to corruption control.

In Nepal major amount of corruption is predicted to have happend in private sector. Arround 2/3 (67%) corruption is claimed to have happened in private sector. To fight corruption, we must embrace transparency in all sectors including private and public sector. Transparency is all about knowing who, why, what, how and how much in very fact and circumstance of governance. It means shedding light on formal and informal rules, plans, processes and actions etc. in the governcance syste.Corruption can only be kept in check if representatives from government, business and civil society work together for the common good..

Here are some recommendations to promote good governance and control corruption in upcoming days in Nepal

·      Moral base politics should be promoted..

·      Zero tolerance to corruption should be implemented.

·       Amendment in anti- corruption act 2059 is essential to make it more effective and corruption of all sectors should be criminalized with proper sanctions.

·      To keep the CIAA far from any kind of interference.

·      Private sector and NGO/INGo sectors should be included within the jurisdiction of investigation and prosecution with proper insitutional and legal provisions.

·      Implementation of UNCAC is required to promote good governance in daily life of people.

 

5. Conclusion:

If we preserve social harmony, co-existence and try to have the abolishment of conflict in the society, at first we need to control corruption and achieve prosperity.Consolidation and benefits of democracy are strenghened when rule of law, transperacy and social dignity are experienced in daily behaviour of state. Without effective corruption control campaigns, no society become prosperous. Corruption has no physical boundry to damage social nad economic bases of any country. Nepal is committing to achieve the sustainable goal within 2030 and to achieve medium level income holder position by 2025. In this condition, controlling corruption is such a significant strategy which surely helps to promote our democratic values as well as our ethical commitments in good governance. Effectivity of corruption control mechanism should be experienced in daily phenomenon. For the purpose of implementing United Nations Convention against Corruption, corrupton control of private sector and NGO sector is also required. Inclusion of the jurisdiction of corruption control of these sectors will truly helps to control the corruption in the country. Making all the mechanisms more effective, all stakeholders should respect the autonomy of constitutional bodies and also should empower the anti-corruption mechanism in upcoming days.

Bibliography

1.    Constitution of Nepal, (2072)

2.    Corruption control Act, 2059.

3.    Commission for the investigation of Abuse of Authority act 2048 and Regulation 2063.

4.    Judicial Council Act, 2073

5.    Administration of Justice Act, 2016

6.    CIAA Annual Memorandum 2073.

7.    Transparency International Report 2020

8.    Annual Report of CIAA, 2076/2077.

9.    NKP differential issue.

10. Kanun Patrika difference issue

11. web page www.transparency.org

12. web page www.oag.gov.np

13. wep page www.dri.gov.np

14. web page www.ciaa.gov.np

15. web page www.nvc.gov.np

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

---

[1]-transparency.org/en/countries/nepal (visited on 2021/02/28)

[2]   CIAA- "An Introduction of CIAA", Booklet,  page 3

[3]  Constitution of Nepal (2072), Article 238

[4] Booklet published by CIAA, "An Introduction of CIAA", page. 3

[5] constitution of Nepal, Article 239

[6] Ibid, Article 239(1)

[7] Id, Article 239(2)

[8] Id, Article 239(3)

[9] Id, Article 239(4)

[10] for detail see the Commission for the investigation of Abuse of Authority Act, 2048 section.2 and Regulations, 2059

[11]Annual Report of CIAA, F/y- 2076/2077 page. 4

[12]CIAA Act, 2048 section 12

[13]www.nvc.gov.np (visited 2021-5-22)

[14] For more information See the Part 11 of Constitution of Nepal (2072) and Administration of Justice Act, 2016

[15] Dr. Gopal Sivakoti "KanunPatrika " vol,9. 2069, page. 11